Whistleblower Protection Cases Under Equal Employment Opportunity

Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII (42 U.S.C. 2000e-3(a))

McDonnell Douglas v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973) (burden- shifting framework for presenting evidence in Title VII cases).

Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 539 U.S. 90 (2003 (circumstantial evidence used to prove discrimination).

Burlington Northern v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006) (leading case defining adverse action includes employer conduct that would dissuade a reasonable employee from engaing in protected activity).

Pettway v. American Cast Iron, 411 F.2d 998 (5th Cir. 1969) (provides a broad interpretation of protected activity).

Hochstadt v. Worcester Foundation, 545 F.2d 222 (1st Cir. 1976); EEOC v. Crown Zellerbach, 720 F.2d 1008 (9th Cir. 1983) (leading cases discussing scope of protected opposition).

CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries, 553 U.S. 442 (2008) (implied cause of action prohibiting retaliation).

Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Ed., 544 U.S. 167 (2005) (implied cause of action prohibiting retaliation).